|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
| Home Help Feedback Subscriptions Archive Search Table of Contents | ||||
Development, Vol 107, Issue 3 597-604, Copyright © 1989 by Company of Biologists
JOURNAL ARTICLES |
K Hardy, AH Handyside and RM Winston
Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
The development of 181 surplus human embryos, including both normally and abnormally fertilized, was observed from day 2 to day 5, 6 or 7 in vitro. 63/149 (42%) normally fertilized embryos reached the blastocyst stage on day 5 or 6. Total, trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) cell numbers were analyzed by differential labelling of the nuclei with polynucleotide-specific fluorochromes. The TE nuclei were labelled with one fluorochrome during immunosurgical lysis, before fixing the embryo and labelling both sets of nuclei with a second fluorochrome (Handyside and Hunter, 1984, 1986). Newly expanded normally fertilized blastocysts on day 5 had a total of 58.3 +/- 8.1 cells, which increased to 84.4 +/- 5.7 and 125.5 +/- 19 on days 6 and 7, respectively. The numbers of TE cells were similar on days 5 and 6 (37.9 +/- 6.0 and 40.3 +/- 5.0, respectively) and then doubled on day 7 (80.6 +/- 15.2). In contrast, ICM cell numbers doubled between days 5 and 6 (20.4 +/- 4.0 and 41.9 +/- 5.0, respectively) and remained virtually unchanged on day 7 (45.6 +/- 10.2). There was widespread cell death in both the TE and ICM as evidenced by fragmenting nuclei, which increased substantially by day 7. These results are compared with the numbers of cells in morphologically abnormal blastocysts and blastocysts derived from abnormally fertilized embryos. The nuclei of arrested embryos were also examined. The number of TE and ICM cells allocated in normally fertilized blastocysts appears to be similar to the numbers allocated in the mouse. Unlike the mouse, however, the proportion of ICM cells remains higher, despite cell death in both lineages.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  C. E. Minge, B. D. Bennett, R. J. Norman, and R. L. Robker Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Agonist Rosiglitazone Reverses the Adverse Effects of Diet-Induced Obesity on Oocyte Quality Endocrinology, May 1, 2008; 149(5): 2646 - 2656. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Vandaele, B. Mateusen, D. G D Maes, A. de Kruif, and A. Van Soom Temporal detection of caspase-3 and -7 in bovine in vitro produced embryos of different developmental capacity Reproduction, April 1, 2007; 133(4): 709 - 718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W.-H. Chan Ginkgolide B induces apoptosis and developmental injury in mouse embryonic stem cells and blastocysts Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2006; 21(11): 2985 - 2995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. B. Sheehan, M. Lane, and D. K. Gardner The CryoLoop facilitates re-vitrification of embryos at four successive stages of development without impairing embryo growth Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2006; 21(11): 2978 - 2984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Goossens, V. Frederickx, G. De Block, A. Van Steirteghem, and H. Tournaye Blastocyst development after assisted reproduction using spermatozoa obtained after testicular stem cell transplantation in mice Hum. Reprod., July 1, 2006; 21(7): 1759 - 1764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. G Larman, C. B Sheehan, and D. K Gardner Calcium-free vitrification reduces cryoprotectant-induced zona pellucida hardening and increases fertilization rates in mouse oocytes Reproduction, January 1, 2006; 131(1): 53 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Kawamura, J. Fukuda, Y. Shimizu, H. Kodama, and T. Tanaka Survivin Contributes to the Anti-Apoptotic Activities of Transforming Growth Factor alpha in Mouse Blastocysts Through Phosphatidylinositol 3'-Kinase Pathway Biol Reprod, December 1, 2005; 73(6): 1094 - 1101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-Z. Liu, L.-J. Yao, M.-X. Jiang, Z.-L. Lei, L.-S. Zhang, Y.-L. Zhang, Q.-Y. Sun, Y.-L. Zheng, X.-F. Song, and D.-Y. Chen Apoptosis in rabbit embryos produced by fertilization or nuclear transfer with fibroblasts and cumulus cells Reproduction, September 1, 2005; 130(3): 359 - 366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Cauffman, H. Van de Velde, I. Liebaers, and A. Van Steirteghem DAZL expression in human oocytes, preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cells Mol. Hum. Reprod., June 1, 2005; 11(6): 405 - 411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Honda, H. Tanikawa, J. Fukuda, K. Kawamura, N. Sato, T. Sato, Y. Shimizu, H. Kodama, and T. Tanaka Expression of Smac/DIABLO in mouse preimplantation embryos and its correlation to apoptosis and fragmentation Mol. Hum. Reprod., March 1, 2005; 11(3): 183 - 188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C.M. Dumoulin, J. G. Derhaag, M. Bras, A. P.A. Van Montfoort, A. D.M. Kester, J. L.H. Evers, J. P.M. Geraedts, and E. Coonen Growth rate of human preimplantation embryos is sex dependent after ICSI but not after IVF Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2005; 20(2): 484 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F.-J. Huang, K.-C. Lan, F.-T. Kung, M.-Y. Tsai, C.-Y. Chang, H.-W. Huang, Y.-C. Lin, and S.-Y. Chang Human cumulus-free oocyte maturational profile and in vitro developmental potential after stimulation with recombinant versus urinary FSH Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2004; 19(2): 306 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-S. Cui, Y.-J. Jeong, H.-Y. Lee, S.-H. Cheon, and N.-H. Kim Fetal bovine serum influences apoptosis and apoptosis-related gene expression in porcine parthenotes developing in vitro Reproduction, January 1, 2004; 127(1): 125 - 130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Wang, H. Matsumoto, X. Zhao, S. K. Das, and B. C. Paria Embryonic signals direct the formation of tight junctional permeability barrier in the decidualizing stroma during embryo implantation J. Cell Sci., January 1, 2004; 117(1): 53 - 62. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Lane and D. K. Gardner Ammonium Induces Aberrant Blastocyst Differentiation, Metabolism, pH Regulation, Gene Expression and Subsequently Alters Fetal Development in the Mouse Biol Reprod, October 1, 2003; 69(4): 1109 - 1117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. O. Gjorret, H. M. Knijn, S. J. Dieleman, B. Avery, L.-I. Larsson, and P. Maddox-Hyttel Chronology of Apoptosis in Bovine Embryos Produced In Vivo and In Vitro Biol Reprod, October 1, 2003; 69(4): 1193 - 1200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. M. Knijn, J. O. Gjorret, P. L.A.M. Vos, P. J.M. Hendriksen, B. C. van der Weijden, P. Maddox-Hyttel, and S. J. Dieleman Consequences of In Vivo Development and Subsequent Culture on Apoptosis, Cell Number, and Blastocyst Formation in Bovine Embryos Biol Reprod, October 1, 2003; 69(4): 1371 - 1378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Archer, D. A. Gook, and D. H. Edgar Blastocyst formation and cell numbers in human frozen-thawed embryos following extended culture Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2003; 18(8): 1669 - 1673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Hardy, J. Stark, and R. M.L. Winston Maintenance of the Inner Cell Mass in Human Blastocysts from Fragmented Embryos Biol Reprod, April 1, 2003; 68(4): 1165 - 1169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Jurisicova, M. Antenos, S. Varmuza, J. L. Tilly, and R. F. Casper Expression of apoptosis-related genes during human preimplantation embryo development: potential roles for the Harakiri gene product and Caspase-3 in blastomere fragmentation Mol. Hum. Reprod., March 1, 2003; 9(3): 133 - 141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Hardarson, G. Caisander, A. Sjogren, C. Hanson, L. Hamberger, and K. Lundin A morphological and chromosomal study of blastocysts developing from morphologically suboptimal human pre-embryos compared with control blastocysts Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2003; 18(2): 399 - 407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F.-J. Huang, C.-C. Shen, S.-Y. Chang, T.-C. J. Wu, and Y.-D. Hsuuw Retinoic acid decreases the viability of mouse blastocysts in vitro Hum. Reprod., January 1, 2003; 18(1): 130 - 136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Natraj, P. Bhatt, G. Vanage, and S.B. Moodbidri Overexpression of Monkey Oviductal Protein: Purification and Characterization of Recombinant Protein and Its Antibodies Biol Reprod, December 1, 2002; 67(6): 1897 - 1906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Peippo, A. Farazmand, M. Kurkilahti, M. Markkula, P.K. Basrur, and W.A. King Sex-chromosome linked gene expression in in-vitro produced bovine embryos Mol. Hum. Reprod., October 1, 2002; 8(10): 923 - 929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Lane, J. M. Maybach, and D. K. Gardner Addition of ascorbate during cryopreservation stimulates subsequent embryo development Hum. Reprod., October 1, 2002; 17(10): 2686 - 2693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N.S. Macklon, M.H.E.C. Pieters, M.A. Hassan, P.H.M. Jeucken, M.J.C. Eijkemans, and B.C.J.M. Fauser A prospective randomized comparison of sequential versus monoculture systems for in-vitro human blastocyst development Hum. Reprod., October 1, 2002; 17(10): 2700 - 2705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D.-B. Koo, Y.-K. Kang, Y.-H. Choi, J. S. Park, H.-N. Kim, K. B. Oh, D.-S. Son, H. Park, K.-K. Lee, and Y.-M. Han Aberrant Allocations of Inner Cell Mass and Trophectoderm Cells in Bovine Nuclear Transfer Blastocysts Biol Reprod, August 1, 2002; 67(2): 487 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Mitalipov, R. R. Yeoman, H.-C. Kuo, and D. P. Wolf Monozygotic Twinning in Rhesus Monkeys by Manipulation of In Vitro-Derived Embryos Biol Reprod, May 1, 2002; 66(5): 1449 - 1455. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-S. Xu, T.-M. Cheung, S. Ting-Hon Chan, P.-C. Ho, and W. Shu-Biu Yeung Temporal Effect of Human Oviductal Cell and Its Derived Embryotrophic Factors on Mouse Embryo Development Biol Reprod, November 1, 2001; 65(5): 1481 - 1488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kaidi, S. Bernard, P. Lambert, A. Massip, F. Dessy, and I. Donnay Effect of Conventional Controlled-Rate Freezing and Vitrification on Morphology and Metabolism of Bovine Blastocysts Produced In Vitro Biol Reprod, October 1, 2001; 65(4): 1127 - 1134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Wrenzycki, D. Herrmann, L. Keskintepe, A. Martins Jr, S. Sirisathien, B. Brackett, and H. Niemann Effects of culture system and protein supplementation on mRNA expression in pre-implantation bovine embryos Hum. Reprod., May 1, 2001; 16(5): 893 - 901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Miller and T. T. Smith The effect of intracytoplasmic sperm injection and semen parameters on blastocyst development in vitro Hum. Reprod., May 1, 2001; 16(5): 918 - 924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Devreker, K. Hardy, M. Van den Bergh, A.S. Vannin, S. Emiliani, and Y. Englert Amino acids promote human blastocyst development in vitro Hum. Reprod., April 1, 2001; 16(4): 749 - 756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Hardy, S. Spanos, D. Becker, P. Iannelli, R. M. L. Winston, and J. Stark From cell death to embryo arrest: Mathematical models of human preimplantation embryo development PNAS, February 13, 2001; 98(4): 1655 - 1660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M.-Y. Chi, A. L. Schlein, and K. H. Moley High Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and Insulin Concentrations Trigger Apoptosis in the Mouse Blastocyst via Down-Regulation of the IGF-1 Receptor Endocrinology, December 1, 2000; 141(12): 4784 - 4792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Alikani, G. Calderon, G. Tomkin, J. Garrisi, M. Kokot, and J. Cohen Cleavage anomalies in early human embryos and survival after prolonged culture in-vitro Hum. Reprod., December 1, 2000; 15(12): 2634 - 2643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Spanos, D. L. Becker, R. M.L. Winston, and K. Hardy Anti-Apoptotic Action of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I During Human Preimplantation Embryo Development Biol Reprod, November 1, 2000; 63(5): 1413 - 1420. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Trimarchi, L. Liu, P. J.S. Smith, and D. L. Keefe Noninvasive Measurement of Potassium Efflux as an Early Indicator of Cell Death in Mouse Embryos Biol Reprod, September 1, 2000; 63(3): 851 - 857. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.C. Magli, G.M. Jones, L. Gras, L. Gianaroli, I. Korman, and A.O. Trounson Chromosome mosaicism in day 3 aneuploid embryos that develop to morphologically normal blastocysts in vitro Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2000; 15(8): 1781 - 1786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Desai, J. Lawson, and J. Goldfarb Assessment of growth factor effects on post-thaw development of cryopreserved mouse morulae to the blastocyst stage Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2000; 15(2): 410 - 418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Devreker, E. Pogonici, V. De Maertelaer, P. Revelard, M. Van den Bergh, and Y. Englert Selection of good embryos for transfer depends on embryo cohort size: implications for the `mild ovarian stimulation' debate Hum. Reprod., December 1, 1999; 14(12): 3002 - 3008. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R.D. Schramm and B.D. Bavister A macaque model for studying mechanisms controlling oocyte development and maturation in human and non-human primates Hum. Reprod., October 1, 1999; 14(10): 2544 - 2555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. K. Gardner, H. Rodriegez-Martinez, and M. Lane Fetal development after transfer is increased by replacing protein with the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan for mouse embryo culture and transfer Hum. Reprod., October 1, 1999; 14(10): 2575 - 2580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Devreker, M. Van den Bergh, J. Biramane, RM.L. Winston, Y. Englert, and K. Hardy Effects of taurine on human embryo development in vitro Hum. Reprod., September 1, 1999; 14(9): 2350 - 2356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T.E. Steeves and D.K. Gardner Temporal and Differential Effects of Amino Acids on Bovine Embryo Development in Culture Biol Reprod, September 1, 1999; 61(3): 731 - 740. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Persson A hypothesis on the origin of germ cell mutation and evolutionary role of extraembryonic mutation: Opinion Hum. Reprod., July 1, 1999; 14(7): 1840 - 1841. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Jurisicova, M. Antenos, K. Kapasi, J. Meriano, and R. F. Casper Variability in the expression of trophectodermal markers {beta}-human chorionic gonadotrophin, human leukocyte antigen-G and pregnancy specific {beta}-1 glycoprotein by the human blastocyst Hum. Reprod., July 1, 1999; 14(7): 1852 - 1858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. E. Exley, C. Tang, A. S. McElhinny, and C. M. Warner Expression of Caspase and BCL-2 Apoptotic Family Members in Mouse Preimplantation Embryos Biol Reprod, July 1, 1999; 61(1): 231 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-Y. Fong and A. Bongso Comparison of human blastulation rates and total cell number in sequential culture media with and without co-culture Hum. Reprod., March 1, 1999; 14(3): 774 - 781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D. Schramm and B. D. Bavister Onset of Nucleolar and Extranucleolar Transcription and Expression of Fibrillarin in Macaque Embryos Developing In Vitro Biol Reprod, March 1, 1999; 60(3): 721 - 728. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C.M. Dumoulin, C. J.J. Meijers, M. Bras, E. Coonen, J. P.M. Geraedts, and J. L.H. Evers Effect of oxygen concentration on human in-vitro fertilization and embryo culture Hum. Reprod., February 1, 1999; 14(2): 465 - 469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Lane and B. D. Bavister Calcium Homeostasis in Early Hamster Preimplantation Embryos Biol Reprod, October 1, 1998; 59(4): 1000 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. Brison and R. M. Schultz Increased Incidence of Apoptosis in Transforming Growth Factor {alpha}-Deficient Mouse Blastocysts Biol Reprod, July 1, 1998; 59(1): 136 - 144. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
