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doi: 10.1242/10.1242/dev.00323

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Development 130, 1171-1180 (2003)
Copyright © 2003 The Company of Biologists Limited

distal antenna and distal antenna related encode nuclear proteins containing pipsqueak motifs involved in antenna development in Drosophila

B. Starling Emerald1,*,{dagger}, Jennifer Curtiss2,{dagger}, Marek Mlodzik2 and Stephen M. Cohen1,{ddagger}

1 Developmental Biology Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
2 Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York NY 10029, USA
* Present address: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 30 Medical Drive, 117609 Singapore

{ddagger} Author for correspondence (e-mail: cohen{at}embl-heidelberg.de)

Accepted 29 November 2002

Legs and antennae are considered to be homologous appendages. The fundamental patterning mechanisms that organize spatial pattern are conserved, yet appendages with very different morphology develop. A genetic hierarchy for specification of antennal identity has been partly elucidated. We report identification of a novel family of genes with roles in antennal development. The distal antenna (dan) and distal antenna-related (danr) genes encode novel nuclear proteins that are expressed in the presumptive distal antenna, but not in the leg imaginal disc. Ectopic expression of dan or danr causes partial transformation of distal leg structure toward antennal identity. Mutants that remove dan and danr activity cause partial transformation of antenna toward leg identity. Therefore we suggest that dan and danr contribute to differentiation of antenna-specific characteristics. Antenna-specific expression of dan and danr depends on a regulatory hierarchy involving homothorax and Distal-less, as well as cut and spineless. We propose that dan and danr are effector genes that act downstream of these genes to control differentiation of distal antennal structures.

Key words: Patterns formation, Drosophila, Antennae, Homothorax, Distal-less, Antennapedia, Spineless




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