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First published online 28 April 2004
doi: 10.1242/dev.01135

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FGF signaling functions in the hypodermis to regulate fluid balance in C. elegans

Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, I-354 SHM, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Summary of let-756 mosaics in the AB lineage. The mosaic analysis was carried out in the background of dpy-17 let-756 ncl-1 unc-36; sDp3. Mosaic animals were identified based on their Unc non-Dpy phenotypes. Patterns of duplication loss are represented by different colors: red, loss in a single lineage; green, losses in a single lineage and some independent cell(s); blue, losses in multiple independent lineages.

View larger version (73K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Genetic interactions between let-756, egl-15 and clr-1. (A) Wild type. (B) let-756 unc-32 arrested L1 larva. (C) clr-1(e2530) Clr hermaphrodite. (D) let-756 unc-32; ayIs25[egl-15(+)] Scr hermaphrodite. (E) ayIs26[Phsp16-2::let-756]; ayIs25[egl-15(+)] Clr hermaphrodite. (F) ayIs26[Phsp16-2::let-756]; soc-2; ayIs25[egl-15(+)] Soc hermaphrodite. (G) clr-1(e1745ts); let-756 unc-32 Scr hermaphrodite, at 15°C. (H) clr-1(e1745ts)/clr-1(e2530); let-756 unc-32 non-Clr non-Scr hermaphrodite, at 15°C. (I) clr-1(e2530); let-756 unc-32 viable semi-Clr hermaphrodite. All animals were photographed as adults. (E-F) Animals were heat shocked for 30 minutes at 37°C, and allowed to recover at 20°C for 5.5 hours. The Clr phenotype in (C) and (E) can be discerned from the appearance of the intestine floating within the fluid-filled pseudocoelomic cavity. Abbreviated genotypes: 0, null allele; ts, temperature-sensitive allele; ++, transgenic overexpression. Scale bar: 200 µm.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Identification of the e15 enhancer element within the egl-15 promoter. egl-15 promoter fragments, from 2.0 kb to 0.8 kb, were used to drive expression of the clr-1 genomic coding region. Rescue assays were performed in a clr-1(e1745ts) background. Rescue activity is classified as strong (++), intermediate (+), weak (+/–), or no rescue (– –). n, the total number of transgenic lines scored. The location of the egl-15 enhancer (e15, from –1530 to –1296) lies between the dashed lines.

View larger version (98K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. EGL-15 is expressed in the hypodermis. (A) GFP expression pattern of Pe15*2::GFP animals. GFP is seen in the hyp7 syncytium, and excluded from the lateral seam cells (*). (B) Immunofluorescence staining of EGL-15 in the strain ayIs29[egl-15(+)] using anti-EGL-15 antibodies. Staining is observed in the hyp7 syncytium, but absent in the seam cells. The punctate staining is highly variable, and has not been assigned to any defined anatomical structure. Animals shown were photographed at the L1 (A) and L2 (B) stage. Anterior is to the left. Scale bar: 50 µm.

View larger version (10K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Summary of mpk-1 mosaics. The mosaic analysis was carried out in a strain of genotype clr-1(e1745ts); mpk-1 ncl-1 unc-36; sDp3. Patterns of duplication loss are represented by different colors: red, loss in a single lineage; green, losses in a single lineage and some independent cell(s); blue, loss in multiple independent lineages. Terminal phenotypes were determined at the non-permissive temperature (25°C) and represented by different shapes: , Clr; , semi-Soc; , Soc.