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First published online 7 March 2007
doi: 10.1242/dev.003426

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Synthesis of the sulfate donor PAPS in either the Drosophila germline or somatic follicle cells can support embryonic dorsal-ventral axis formation

Xianjun Zhu^*, Leslie M. Stevens and David Stein

Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.

View larger version (116K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Follicle cell clones mutant for papss, sgl or sfl are viable even when the germline is also homozygous for the same mutation. Follicle cell and germline nuclei in stage-10 egg chambers visualized by DAPI (A,C,E,G,I) and GFP (B,D,F,H,J) fluorescence. Nuclei of mutant cells lack the GFP marker but still exhibit DAPI fluorescence. (A,B) Egg chamber from e22c-GAL4, UAS-FLP/+; hGFP FRT79D/papss2 FRT79D female containing papss mutant cells in the follicular epithelium. (C,D) Follicle from hsFLP1/+; hGFP FRT79D/papss2 FRT79D female with papss mutant germline cells. (E-J) Follicles carrying both follicle cell and germline mutant clones from females of the following genotypes: (E,F) hsFLP1/+; e22c-GAL4, UAS-FLP/+; hGFP FRT79D/papss2 FRT79D; (G,H) hsFLP1/+; e22c-GAL4, UAS-FLP/+; hGFP FRT79D/sgl08310 FRT79D; (I,J) hsFLP1/+; e22c-GAL4, UAS-FLP/+; hGFP FRT79D/sfl03844 FRT79D.

View larger version (164K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Egg chambers that contain both follicle cell and germline clones mutant for papss produce dorsalized embryos. (A,C,E,G) Whole-mount stainings of syncytial blastoderm embryos with anti-Twist antibody. (B,D,F,H) Cuticle preparations of developed embryos. (A,B) Embryos from wild-type mothers. (C,D) Embryos from e22c-GAL4, UAS-FLP/+; FRT82B hGFP/FRT82B sll7E18mother carrying homozygous sll mutant follicle cell clones. Anterior Twist expression is disrupted (C) and the cuticle is dorsalized (D). (E,F) Embryos from hsFLP1/+; P[ovoD1] FRT79D/papss2 FRT79D mothers mated to wild-type males. Loss of papss from the germline alone does not affect Twist expression (E) or DV pattern formation of the embryo (F). Paternally-rescued embryos exhibit weak segmentation defects (F), similar to paternally-rescued embryos derived from sgl mutant germline clones (Binari et al., 1997; Perrimon et al., 1996). (G,H) Embryos from hsFLP1/+; e22c-GAL4, UAS-FLP/+; P[ovoD1] FRT79D/papss2 FRT79D mothers mated to wild-type males. Loss of papss function in both the germline and the follicular epithelium disrupts Twist expression (G) and results in embryos that lack ventral and lateral pattern elements (H).